• In the latent inhibition model a

  2022-02-23

  

  In the latent inhibition model, a conditioned stimulus (CS) is pre-exposed alone without any consequences (i.e., unconditioned stimulus [US]) in the pre-exposure phase. The CS is then associated with a US to form a CS-US association. The strength of the CS-induced response in the pre-exposure group

• A 779 br Author contribution br Declaration of interest br

  2022-02-23

  

  Author contribution Declaration of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81473093) and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM1601ZZ-02). Introduction Diabetes represents a majo

• br The hippocampus and spatial memory Numerous lines of

  2022-02-23

  

  The hippocampus and spatial memory Numerous lines of evidence have implicated the rodent hippocampus in spatial forms of learning and memory (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978). For example, hippocampal lesions produce robust and reliable deficits on spatial memory tasks such as the Morris watermaze in bot

• The development of immobilization techniques for glucosidase

  2022-02-23

  

  The development of immobilization techniques for β-glucosidase offers a potential way to enable its reuse several times [13]. The aim of immobilization is to trap the enzyme within or on the surface of an insoluble material with retention of its catalytic activity [14]. The immobilization strategy a

• br GJs in the brain br Alterations of GJs

  2022-02-23

  

  GJs in the brain Alterations of GJs in epilepsy The role of GJ blockers and openers in epilepsy As previously known, GJ-mediated electrical coupling plays a role in the generation of highly synchronous electrical activity. The hypersynchronous neuronal activity is a significant feature of c

• Among sensitizers tested in the previous

  2022-02-23

  

  Among 22 sensitizers tested in the previous study, six test chemicals were pre- or pro-haptens (Nepal et al., 2018a). Among 6 chemicals, hydroquinone and 2-aminophenol, strong sensitizers, were falsely classified as non-sensitizers due to the lack of metabolic activation (Nepal et al., 2018a). Liter

• It is noted that knee

  2022-02-23

  

  It is noted that knee swelling was milder and the intensity of IL-4 staining (MFI) in the vehicle-treated group was lower in the second (Fig. 7a and d) than the first (Figs. 1a and 3f) AIA experiment. The variation in joint swelling between the two studies is most likely due to the models being perf

• ccr5 antagonist The feasibility of using the Fas Fas ligand

  2022-02-23

  

  The feasibility of using the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system to target vascular progenitor ccr5 antagonist contributing to intimal hyperplasia has been shown in many studies [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]]. Fas receptor, a member of tissue necrosis factor family, is a death receptor that in

• There has been conflicting evidence on the possible

  2022-02-23

  

  There has been conflicting evidence on the possible receptor mechanisms that mediate the neuro-immuno-modulatory effects of FAAH substrates. Evidence from in vitro studies indicates that AEA-mediated modulation of TLR4-induced neuroinflammation may be mediated by CB1/CB2 receptor dependent (Correa e

• br Challenges and open questions Deepening

  2022-02-23

  

  Challenges and open questions Deepening our understanding of PKC’s role in GSIS will require harnessing recently developed techniques and developing new tools. Here we describe three challenges remaining in the field and offer suggestions on experimental approaches to address them. PKC plays an

• In addition to the regulation of SV

  2022-02-23

  

  In addition to the regulation of SV exo- and ML347 by Ca2+ influx retrieval of SV membranes depends on the exocytic insertion of SV components into the presynaptic membrane: If exocytic SV fusion in neurons is abrogated by genetic inactivation of the core release machinery (e.g. knockout of Munc18 i

• Interestingly hSMC displayed a similar morphological respons

  2022-02-23

  

  Interestingly, hSMC displayed a similar morphological response to ET-1 as CHOETA. This dramatic lowering of normalized cell index in hSMC mimics ET-1 induced smooth muscle contraction. Earlier studies have shown that stress-fiber formations in CHOETA are mediated by Gq/PLC and G12 and in CHOETB by G

• br Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from t

  2022-02-22

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT2013-0495, PICT2016-1821), and from CONICET (PIP 2013-562), as well as from Fundación René Barón and Fundación Williams. Introduction Histamine poisoning, also known as scom

• The Hedgehog signaling pathway HH pathway hereafter is vital

  2022-02-22

  

  The Hedgehog signaling pathway (HH pathway hereafter) is vital for development and tissue homeostasis. [4] In recent years, studying the role of the HH pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer stemness has highlighted the HH inhibitors as putative cancer therapeutics [5]. However, clinical application o

• miRNAs post transcriptionally regulate gene expression by cl

  2022-02-22

  

  miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene Efaproxiral Sodium by cleaving mRNA or inhibiting translation of target gene transcripts. Vita analysis of HBV genome sequence suggested that miR-185-5p may not directly act on HBV mRNAs, which suggested that miR-185-5p might suppress HBV gene expression

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